دفعات تغذیه روزانه نوزاد و شیرخوار — تعداد لازم و نکات علمی
تغذیهٔ نوزاد در ماه های نخست زندگی باید بر پایهٔ تقاضا و علائم گرسنگی تنظیم شود. Newborn babies usually feed 8 to 12 times a day, that is, once every two to three hours. The duration of each feeding varies from 10 to 20 minutes for each breast, and if it receives enough milk, the baby will let go after being satisfied and sleeping. For formula fed, the total daily amount is usually between 150 and 200 ml per kilogram of body weight divided by the number of meals.
As the infant grows and reaches about six months, the number of breastfeeding meals is gradually reduced and complementary foods are introduced; But breast milk or formula is still the main source of calories and micronutrients. Important scientific tips include feeding on demand, paying attention to the signs of satiety or hunger, observing the correct position during breastfeeding, burping after each meal and continuing vitamin D supplementation for breastfed babies. Regular visits to health care for growth monitoring, weighing and nutritional counseling are required.
In case of weight loss or prolonged anorexia or abnormal symptoms such as fever or breathing problems, consult a child specialist doctor immediately to investigate the cause and begin appropriate treatment; Family support is essential.
sign The adequacy of the number of times of breastfeeding
Evaluation of the adequacy of breastfeeding frequency is done based on clinical criteria and the baby's growth. The most important indicators can be divided into three categories:
Physiological and behavioral symptoms of the baby - Continuous weight gain: after the initial physiological weight loss, return to birth weight within 10-14 days and average daily growth of about 20-30 grams in the first months indicates adequate nutrition.- Urinary output and feces: from the fourth day onward, at least 6-8 wet diapers per day and at least 3-4 stools per day in breastfed babies is a sign of adequate intake of fluids and calories.
- Signs of effective feeding: good latching of the breast, audible swallows and active periods of sucking that cause relaxation and sleep after feeding.
Maternal and clinical indicators
- The relative softness of the breast after the end of feeding, the reduction of nipple pain and the presence of significant swallowing frequency are signs of sufficient milk supply.
- Usual frequency: in newborn babies, it is usually recommended 8-12 times in 24 hours, but the adjustment based on the mentioned indications is preferable.
The combination of these criteria is recommended as a valid clinical tool to determine the adequacy of breastfeeding frequency.
Symptoms of infant hunger can be divided into primary (early) and secondary (late) symptoms. At the physiological level, the reduction of blood glucose, the release of ghrelin hormone and the activation of the hypothalamus nuclei cause the motivation to eat; These processes can be detected along with the increase in the activity of the autonomic nervous system.
Early signs:
- Searching for the breast (rooting): turning the head and opening the mouth in response to touching the cheek.
- Sucking the lips or tongue and moving the hands towards the mouth.
- Increased alertness and wakefulness compared to sleepy state.
Late signs:
- Progressive crying and reddening of the face (crying is the final sign of hunger).
- Increased heart rate and breathing, and abnormal bodies related to impatience.
Less obvious physiological signs:
- Weight loss or delay in weight gain, less urine excretion (in young babies).
- Disturbed sleep patterns that coincide with the need for feeding.
Night breastfeeding plays an important role in the development and relaxation of the baby. Breast milk contains calories, water and hormones that help regulate the baby's sleep and blood sugar. In the first months of life, night awakenings are normal and necessary because the baby's small stomach empties quickly. These feedings also strengthen the mother-baby bond and regulate milk production. It is recommended to continue feeding at the request of the baby until six months of age, if possible. After six months, with the start of complementary foods, the feeding intervals may be longer, but the different needs of each child must be taken into account. Parents and caregivers should pay attention to signs of hunger, proper weight gain, and sleep patterns, and consult with a doctor or lactation consultant about stopping or reducing nighttime breastfeeding. Gradual reduction and replacement with daily feeding or relaxation techniques can be helpful. Ultimately, the decision to end night breastfeeding is a combination of medical needs, mother and child well-being, and family priorities.
Social support, correct information and patience are key elements. Sometimes mothers need to end early due to fatigue or medical problems, and this choice should be accepted without shame. Providing practical solutions to reduce stress and improve breastfeeding experience.
difference Breastfeeding pattern in full-term and premature babies
Breastfeeding in term and premature babies has significant differences in terms of physiology, behavior and care needs. Knowing these differences is necessary to choose the right method of nutrition and prevent vital complications.
main differences
A full-term baby has perfect sucking, swallowing and breathing reflexes, which provides the necessary coordination for breast feeding. On the other hand, premature babies often have muscle weakness, lack of sucking-swallowing-breathing coordination, less ability to suck effectively, and fast fatigue. The transfer of milk during term is faster and more effective; Premature babies may not get enough milk and need to supplement with supplemental methods. Controlling blood sugar and body temperature is more sensitive in premature babies, and improper nutrition can have more clinical consequences.
nutritional strategies
- Evaluation of the ability to suck and swallow before skin feeding.
- Using tube or glass feeding if needed and gradual transition to breast feeding.
- Monitoring weight, fluid intake and signs of fatigue.
- Strengthen milk and adjust the program based on adjusted age and clinical conditions.
Team collaboration including doctor, nurse and lactation consultant is necessary to educate the mother, determine the time to transition to full breast feeding and manage respiratory or feeding problems to ensure the optimal growth and development of the baby in the first week.
What to do about breastfeeding problems
Difficulties with breastfeeding may include nipple pain, abnormal discharge, swelling, mastitis, blocked milk ducts, or increased/decreased milk production. In facing any of these issues, accurate assessment and early interventions are important. First, the cause of the problem must be diagnosed: position of the baby, correct sucking technique, infection or obstruction of the ducts, and maternal factors such as stress or improper nutrition.
Treatments can include training in proper breastfeeding technique, massage and duct drainage, use of hot or cold compresses, antibiotics in cases of infection, and nutritional guidance to increase or decrease milk production. Regular follow-up and emotional support is also an important part of the recovery process.
All breastfeeding and breast problems are examined and treated in the office of Dr. Hadi Kianour, a specialist in children and infants and a doctor who promotes breastfeeding. With a specialized approach and clinical experience, the team of the clinic offers a person-centered treatment plan to provide safe and successful breastfeeding for the mother and baby. To make an appointment, visit www.bilitver.ir.
The office has the facilities of breastfeeding counseling, mothers' training classes, telephone follow-up and providing auxiliary equipment such as feeding pacifiers and medical pumps. ارائه اطلاعات مبتنی بر شواهد و حمایت چندرشته ای در بهبود نتایج شیردهی نقش اساسی دارد و پیگیری بلندمدت مستمر.
