This article provides comprehensive information on the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis... This article does not address the anatomy, causes, symptoms, and diagnosis of osteoporosis. Weight-bearing exercises are the most important type of exercise to prevent osteoporosis.. Your body bears its own weight against the force of gravity, and the gravitational load on your bones activates bone cells to strengthen weaker areas. - Walking on a flat surface or treadmill - Climbing (use a walking stick for more support if needed) - Walking in the corner of the room, holding the back of the chair to maintain balance if necessary - Running on a flat surface or treadmill - Climbing stairs (use handrails for safety) - Dancing, including aerobics or Zumba - Lifting weights without straining your back (lying down can help protect your vertebrae) - Practice sitting and standing - Start with a tall chair and move to a shorter chair as your legs get stronger.. - Stand on the wall and lower to a slightly bent knee position, hold this position for 10 seconds and repeat several times (you can grab the back of the chair for support if needed)... This exercise can strengthen your thighs... - Yoga and Tai Chi for balance and strengthening - Jumping on a chair (jumping with two legs while holding the back of the chair for balance) **Read more: the difference between arthritis and osteoporosis** ### **change in lifestyle** **Quit smoking**: Smoking is one of the main causes of osteoporosis: - It directly affects bone-forming cells and reduces bone formation - Loss of appetite leads to improper nutrition - It affects estrogen metabolism and can even cause premature menopause - It can slow down the healing process of fractures **Limit your alcohol intake**: Do not drink more than the recommended amount of alcohol (one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men): Excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of falling and breaking bones - Alcohol can fill you up and prevent you from eating healthy foods that help strengthen bones **Preventing falls**: Because loss of bone strength increases the risk of fractures, falls are more dangerous for people with osteoporosis than for people with healthy bones.. A minor fall is more likely to break a bone.. If a large bone such as a hip is broken, serious problems can occur.... About half of people who lose their hip joint or are able to walk larger after a fracture will have a fracture.. Fracture... To prevent fall: - Do exercises like tai chi and yoga to improve your balance...Non-weight bearing exercises like swimming and cycling can also help strengthen muscles and improve balance.. If you have more serious balance problems, you may benefit from working with a physical therapist for balance and strengthening exercises.. - Check your home environment and remove anything that might cause you to fall, such as: 1... slippery surfaces (floor, bathroom, ice tracks, etc.) 2 .... wide carpet 3... stairs or change of level (stairs, bathtub, etc.) 4... Ground obstacles (low furniture, cables, boxes, indoor pets, etc.) **Treatment of osteoporosis** Your doctor can check if you have low bone density and determine the cause.. Treating osteoporosis early is the most effective way to slow bone loss and prevent fractures. However, post-fracture treatment programs are also valuable and may help prevent future fractures. 1... You are a woman who has gone through menopause (your period has stopped) 2.... You are a man over 50 years old 3... And you have one or more of the following conditions: Vertebral fracture (bone of the spine) - Hip fracture - a T score (as determined by a DEXA scan or bone density test) of -2.5 or worse, measured in the pelvis or spine (a T score at this level indicates osteoporosis) - T score between -1 and -2.5, measured at the hip or spine (a T score at this level means you have osteopenia or decreased bone density and are at risk of further fractures) Your doctor can use a computerized scoring system developed by the World Health Organization to calculate your risk of breaking a bone. If your risk reaches a certain level and you have high conditions, you will need a prescription drug. The main types of drugs available are: - **Bisphosphonates**: These drugs slow down the rate of bone loss and improve the overall quality of your bones, allowing the body to build new bone at a rate closer to the rate of loss... Estrogen Receptor (SERMs)**: Estrogen hormones help build bones and maintain their strength and quality, and a drop in estrogen levels after menopause can lead to osteoporosis.. SERMs Like raloxifene and bedoxifene, it works like estrogen in bone tissue and helps rebuild it.. It comes as a nasal spray.. It can also help relieve pain, so your doctor may prescribe it if you have a painful fracture in your spine.. Preventing bone loss reduces the risk of fracture.. . It is injected once.. Abaloparatide contains a synthetic substance, a form of the natural human parathyroid hormone (PTH)... They work by stimulating the body to make new bone.. Daily face-to-face subcutaneous injections (under the skin of the thigh or lower abdomen) for up to two years... - **Estrogen replacement therapy**: Estrogen replacement therapy is an effective option for maintaining adequate bone mass in men and preventing osteoporosis in men after hip replacement.. or women before menopause).... However: 1... Research has shown a link between estrogen replacement therapy and an increased risk of breast cancer 2... Oral forms of estrogen (those taken by mouth) have been associated with an increased risk of blood clots (transdermal and vaginal forms of estrogen have been shown to have little or no risk of blood clots).. Progesterone can lead to uterine cancer.... Estrogen should be combined with progesterone to reduce this risk.. Your doctor can help you decide which one is right for you... Is it? Bones are constantly changing..the body is constantly making new bone and breaking down old bone..this process is called remodeling..when you are young, new bone breaks down faster than old bone, so your bone mass increases..most people reach their peak bone mass around age 30..after that, bone remodeling continues..which makes bones weak and break easily..your risk of developing osteoporosis depends on Your bone mass until age 30 and the rate of loss after that....the higher your peak bone mass, the more bone you have stored....the more bone you have stored, the lower your risk of developing osteoporosis as you age....many things can affect bone health...for example: Calcium in the diet: A diet low in calcium may lead to low bone density, premature bone loss, and easy bone fractures.. **Physical activity**: Exercise makes bones stronger.. People who are not physically active have an increased risk of osteoporosis compared to people who exercise regularly.. Increased risk of osteoporosis... Regular consumption of more than one alcoholic drink per day for women or two alcoholic drinks per day for men may also increase the risk increase osteoporosis.. Gender: Women are more at risk of developing osteoporosis than men because women have less bone mass than men.. weaker with age.. **RACE AND FAMILY HISTORY**: White or Asian people are at a higher risk of developing osteoporosis compared to other people.. People whose parents have osteoporosis are also at higher risk.. A family history of broken bones also increases the risk... **Hormone levels**: Hormones affect the bones.... Too much thyroid hormone can cause bone loss.... A lot of bone loss usually occurs during menopause due to decreased levels. Estrogen occurs.... Before menopause, people who do not have periods for long periods of time (a condition called amenorrhea) are at increased risk of developing osteoporosis.. Medications** may damage bones... Examples include: - Hormonal drugs used to treat breast cancer and prostate cancer - Medicines used to prevent seizures - Medicines used to treat thyroid diseases - Glucocorticoid steroids - Adrenocorticotropic hormone Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - Thiazolidinediones - Proton pump inhibitors Certain medical conditions can also affect bone health.. For example, having an eating disorder such as anorexia nervosa increases the risk of osteoporosis, because not eating enough and being underweight weakens the bones.. Diseases such as thyroid disease, inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, and Cushing's syndrome can increase the risk of osteoporosis. We don't have reliable methods to restore lost bone.... That's why it's important to take measures to prevent bone loss.... Building strong bones through adequate calcium intake and exercise at a young age is an investment that will be beneficial in the future by reducing the risk of bone fractures, exercise and lifestyle... Choices can go ahead, let the bones work.... **Recommendation of Dr. Homan Kokbi, the best orthopedic surgeon in Tehran regarding the prevention of osteoporosis** Bones do many things for your body.. They provide structure, protect organs, strengthen muscles, and store calcium... While building strong, healthy bones is important during childhood and adolescence, you can take steps to protect bone health as an adult.... If you're concerned about your bone health or have risk factors for osteoporosis, talk to your orthopedist.. Also, if you're over 50 and have broken a bone, talk to your doctor about bone health and prevention. From osteoporosis with Talk to your doctor.. Orthopedic specialist can decide if medicine to slow down bone loss is a good option for you...