Comprehensive review of ovarian cyst types

The female reproductive system is a complex and dynamic system that is affected by continuous hormonal fluctuations. At the center of this system, the ovaries as sex gonads play a vital role in the production of gametes (eggs) and the secretion of steroid hormones. One of the most common pathologies faced by women of reproductive age and even after menopause is the formation of ovarian cysts. The word "cyst" often causes concern for patients, but from a scientific point of view, many of these structures are a normal part of the menstrual cycle. However, accurate knowledge of ovarian cysts is essential to distinguish physiological cases from pathological and dangerous cases.

Understanding the difference between a simple functional cyst and more complex masses defines the line between simple medical monitoring and the need for urgent surgery. Types of ovarian cysts in women include a wide range of benign fluid-filled lesions to neoplastic solid masses. Some of these cysts can affect fertility, while others may rupture suddenly and lead to internal bleeding. Statistics show that the vast majority of ovarian cysts are benign, but accurate differential diagnosis by a gynecologist is critical to rule out malignancy. From the cellular mechanisms of follicular cyst formation to the investigation of dangerous ovarian cyst types, we will put all aspects under the microscope. Our goal is to provide a complete scientific reference to help you better understand the nature of your body and make informed decisions when faced with medical diagnoses. To start and understand the basic concepts, we suggest first the article What is ovarian cyst to get familiar with basic definitions.

Ovarian physiology and functional cyst formation mechanism

To understand the types of ovarian cyst, one must first understand the natural process Let's review ovulation. During each menstrual cycle, sac-like structures called follicles grow in the ovary. These follicles contain eggs and are responsible for the production of estrogen and progesterone. Functional cysts are the most common types of cysts that result directly from this natural process and are usually not dangerous.

1. Follicular cyst (Follicular Cyst)

In the middle of the menstrual cycle, a hormonal surge (LH surge) causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg. If for any reason this follicle does not rupture and continues to grow, it becomes a follicular cyst. These cysts usually contain clear fluid and have a thin wall. Follicular cysts rarely cause symptoms and often resolve on their own within two to three menstrual cycles.

2. Corpus Luteum Cyst

After the egg is released, the follicle changes its nature and becomes a structure called "corpus luteum" which is responsible for the production of progesterone to prepare the uterus for pregnancy. If the opening of this structure is blocked, fluid accumulates inside it and forms a corpus luteum cyst. This type of types of ovarian cyst in women can get a little bigger and sometimes cause local pain or bleeding, but it usually disappears within a few weeks. Sometimes these cysts are also seen in early pregnancy, which play a supportive role.

Pathological and neoplastic cysts: when cells change nature They give

Unlike functional cysts, which are caused by a disruption in the normal functioning of the cycle, pathological cysts are caused by abnormal cell growth. It is very important to know this group because some of them are classified as dangerous ovarian cysts or require surgical interventions. 1. Dermoid cyst or teratoma Dermoid cysts are one of the strangest and most complex types of cysts. These masses originate from germ cells that have the ability to transform into any type of tissue. For this reason, tissues such as hair, teeth, skin, cartilage and even nerve tissue may be found in the autopsy of these cysts. Although dermoids are often benign, they can grow to very large sizes and increase the risk of ovarian torsion. The treatment of these types of cysts is usually surgery. To learn about the methods of removing these lumps, the article Ovarian cyst operation provides you complete information.

2. Cystadenoma (Cystadenoma)

These cysts originate from the cells lining the outer surface of the ovary. Cyst adenomas can be divided into two types: serous (contains thin liquid) and mucinous (contains thick and gelatinous liquid). The remarkable thing about cystadenomas is that they can grow to a very large size and cause abdominal distension, without necessarily being malignant. However, due to pressure on internal organs, Remove cyst Ovary of cystadenoma type is often essential.

Endometrioma cyst or chocolate cyst: the silent enemy of fertility

One of the most challenging diagnoses in the field of women, endometriosis is When tissue similar to the inner wall of the uterus (endometrium) grows outside the uterus and on the ovaries, it bleeds with each menstrual cycle but has no outlet. The accumulation of this old and thick blood causes cysts with dark brown contents, which are known as "chocolate cysts" or endometriomas.

Endometrioma is not just a simple cyst; Rather, it is a sign of a systemic inflammatory disease. The presence of these cysts can be associated with severe pelvic adhesions and chronic pain, and is considered one of the main causes of infertility in women. Unlike functional cysts, endometriomas do not go away on their own. Management of these cysts requires a careful approach to preserve ovarian reserve. For a deeper understanding of the effect of this disease on the ovaries, read the specialized article .

Hemorrhagic cysts: check the risks of rupture and internal bleeding

Sometimes during the ovulation process or inside an existing cyst, One of the small blood vessels ruptures and bleeding into the cyst occurs. This condition is called hemorrhagic cyst. This type of cyst is usually accompanied by sudden and severe pain on one side of the lower abdomen.

On ultrasound, these cysts have a mesh (spider web) appearance, which is caused by blood clots inside the cyst cavity. Although most hemorrhagic cysts resolve on their own, the situation can become an emergency if the cyst ruptures and leaks blood into the abdominal cavity (hemoperitoneum). It is important to distinguish between pain caused by a hemorrhagic cyst and appendicitis or ectopic pregnancy. More details about the symptoms and ways to manage this condition can be found on

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): difference between single cyst and metabolic syndrome

many people The term "ovarian cyst" is confused with "polycystic ovary". While an ovarian cyst usually refers to one or more specific masses, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine and metabolic disorder. In this syndrome, the ovaries are enlarged and contain a large number of tiny, immature follicles (not true large cysts) located in a pearl-like setting at the periphery of the ovary.

PCOS with symptoms like Menstrual irregularity, increased androgen level (male hormone), hirsutism and insulin resistance are associated. This condition affects not only the ovaries but the entire metabolic system of the body and increases the risk of diabetes and heart diseases. Therefore, its treatment is not solely focused on the ovary. For additional information on the management of this common syndrome, see Polycystic ovary see.

Clinical symptoms, diagnosis methods and danger warnings

Often types of ovarian cysts are "silent" or asymptomatic and They are only discovered incidentally during a routine pelvic exam or ultrasound. However, when the cyst enlarges, ruptures, or undergoes torsion, symptoms appear:

• Pelvic pain: A dull or shooting pain in the lower abdomen that may radiate to the lower back and thighs.
• Feeling of heaviness and fullness: Pressure in the abdomen and bladder that leads to frequent urination.
• Dysparony: Deep pain during sex.
• Menstrual changes: Irregular bleeding, spotting or severe menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea).

Advanced diagnostic methods

An accurate diagnosis of the type of cyst is crucial to determine the treatment strategy:

1. Transvaginal ultrasound: The gold standard for imaging the ovaries to determine the nature of the cyst (liquid, solid, or mixed).
2. CA-125 blood test: A protein whose levels are elevated in some cases of ovarian cancer. Of course, this marker can also be elevated in benign conditions such as endometriosis and fibroids, so its interpretation should be done by a specialist.
3. Pelvic MRI: In cases where ultrasound results are ambiguous or a more detailed examination of soft tissues is needed. Sometimes the symptoms overlap and uterine cyst treatment (which It usually means the same fibroid or myoma) requires a different path. id="therapeutic-strategies-from-close-monitoring-to-advanced-surgeries">therapeutic strategies: from close monitoring to advanced surgeries

   Choosing the treatment method is completely dependent on the age of the patient, the type and size of the cyst, clinical symptoms and the individual's desire for fertility in the future.

   1. Watchful Waiting

   For simple and small functional cysts, the doctor usually chooses a conservative approach. Repeat ultrasound after 6 to 8 weeks to check the size change or disappearance of the cyst.

   2. Drug treatment

   Hormonal contraceptive pills (OCP) cannot eliminate the existing cyst, but they prevent the formation of new cysts by inhibiting ovulation. This method is especially useful for people who are prone to frequent recurrence of functional cysts.

   3. Surgical intervention

   Surgery is recommended when:

   • The cyst is large and stable.
   • A suspicious appearance of malignancy is seen on ultrasound (the presence of solid parts or abnormal blood vessels).
   • It causes severe pain.
   • There is a risk of twisting or tearing. Laparoscopy (minimally invasive surgery with small incisions) and Laparotomy (open surgery for very large or suspected cancerous cysts). The surgeon's goal is always to preserve the healthy tissue of the ovary (cystectomy), except in special circumstances where it is necessary to remove the entire ovary (oophorectomy). It is a broad and multifaceted topic. As we discussed in this article, the word cyst can refer to a wide range of situations; From a simple follicle that forgot to rupture, to a complex dermoid mass or painful endometrioma. The key point in managing these complications is early and accurate diagnosis.

Most ovarian cysts are benign and resolve with time or simple drug treatments. However, ignoring symptoms such as sudden abdominal pain, menstrual cycle changes, or persistent bloating can lead to complications such as cyst rupture or ovarian torsion, which are considered medical emergencies. Also, distinguishing between simple cysts and syndromes such as PCOS or diseases such as endometriosis will change the course of treatment and preservation of fertility.