Down syndrome; A chromosome, a world of differences Down syndrome is one of the most well-known genetic disorders caused by changes in chromosomes. This syndrome, which occurs in approximately one case in every 700 births, creates a world of difference for the affected person and his family. Down syndrome?... Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of an extra chromosome in chromosome 21. Down syndrome has certain physical characteristics such as almond-shaped eyes, a round face and a prominent tongue. In addition, this disorder can affect growth and mental development. In some cases, people with Down syndrome may present with various brain disorders such as learning delays or memory problems. However, many people with Down syndrome can lead meaningful lives and actively participate in society. Genetic causes of Down syndrome Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that is caused by changes in the chromosome... these changes can have various causes... In the following, we will examine the genetic causes of Down syndrome and how this disorder occurs. Chromosome 21 is transferred to other chromosomes and causes Down syndrome... This type is usually hereditary and can be passed from parent to child. - **mosaicity (partial trisomy 21):** In this disease, some cells of a person have three copies of chromosome 21, while others usually have two copies. This type is rarer and the symptoms can be less severe than trisomy 21. Symptoms and physical characteristics of people with Down syndrome. In most cases, people with Down syndrome have certain physical characteristics that distinguish them from others. These characteristics can include changes in Structure Face, height, and general body condition. In the following, we will examine common physical symptoms and characteristics in people with Down syndrome.. A round face and a small mouth and nose are also common features... People with Down syndrome grow more slowly in terms of height and weight.... These people may be shorter than their peers and their physical growth is slower compared to normal people.... This delay in growth will continue until adulthood... ### Weak muscle tone (hypotonia) One of the common physical characteristics of people with Down syndrome is weak muscle tone or hypotonia. This condition makes it difficult for a person to perform physical movements and control muscles. This disorder can have different effects on a person's movement and physical abilities in the early stages of life. People with Down syndrome may have problems in the structure of the mouth and tongue, which are usually more prominent than in our head. From the mouth, dental problems such as gaps between teeth and missing permanent teeth are also very common. ### Hearing and vision problems... Many people with Down syndrome experience hearing and vision problems... These problems can include hearing loss, vision problems or the need to use glasses... In some cases, these problems can affect the person's learning and social interactions... Cognitive and psychological challenges of Down syndrome In addition to physical characteristics, people with Down syndrome may also face many cognitive and psychological challenges. These challenges affect learning abilities, social skills and even mental health. People with Down syndrome are usually slower to learn compared to their peers.. These people may need more time to learn new concepts and face challenges in applying their cognitive skills.. ### Short-term memory disorders One of the common problems in people with Down syndrome is short-term memory impairment. These people may not be able to store or recall new information effectively, which can affect their daily and academic performance. ### Language and communication problems Many people with Down syndrome have language problems. These problems can include delays in speech, difficulty in using vocabulary, and problems in understanding language. These challenges negatively affect a person's social and academic interactions... ### Anxiety and depression People with Down syndrome may be more prone to anxiety and depression than others.. In most cases, communication problems, social challenges and feeling different from others lead to these situations.. ### Social problems and interpersonal relationships People with Down syndrome may face various challenges in establishing social relationships and understanding social rules. These problems lead to isolation or problems in interacting with peers and family members of the affected person... Methods of diagnosing and preventing Down syndrome Early diagnosis of Down syndrome and preventive measures can have a great impact on the quality of life of the affected person and his family. - **Pregnancy screening tests:** Blood and ultrasound tests that are performed in the first or second trimester of pregnancy can evaluate the risk of Down syndrome in the fetus.. These tests do not definitively diagnose Down syndrome, but they show the possibility of its occurrence.. Definitely determine whether the fetus has Down syndrome or not. **Pre-pregnancy genetic screening:** Pre-pregnancy genetic counseling for couples who are at risk helps to identify the possibility of Down syndrome - this method is recommended for people who have a history of Down syndrome. There is no science of the occurrence of Down syndrome.. But genetic counseling and screening tests can help a lot to identify and manage the risk of contracting this disease in people with Down syndrome.. Supporting and empowering people with Down syndrome requires a collective effort from the family, society and professionals.... Creating suitable educational environments and rehabilitation programs help people with Down syndrome to improve their social, motor and cognitive skills... Also, psychological support and specialized counseling are important so that a person can better deal with his emotional and psychological challenges... Noor Ali Clinic with comprehensive solutions for a better life with Down syndrome Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that has a great impact on the life of the affected person and his family... But with proper support and empowerment, affected people can have a productive and meaningful life.... Early identification, correct education and rehabilitation treatments can play a major role in this path.... The use of the best doctors and the most up-to-date doctors and the most up-to-date treatment and rehabilitation services are provided to people by Klinor with a wide range of rehabilitation equipment. Syndrome and their families... As a specialized center, we can provide effective help in the process of treating and empowering people with Down syndrome and improve the quality of life of these people.