Mother's diabetes is one of the most common diseases during pregnancy. Despite the significant progress that has been made in recent years for pregnancy caregivers, especially the control of diabetes during pregnancy. There is still an adverse effect of maternal diabetes on the fetus. Although these side effects are reduced by insulin treatment. But congenital heart disease (CHD) is still one of the most common congenital defects in maternal diabetes.

What factors cause congenital heart diseases (CHD)? Diabetes in the mother is one of the causes of congenital heart disease (CHD). Although due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors, heart problems occur in the fetus. Genetic factors are found in the DNA of the fetus and are transmitted from the parents. With the advancement of science, these factors can be identified and analyzed more than anything else. But the medical community has not been able to have sufficient knowledge on non-genetic environmental factors. One of these factors is diabetes in a pregnant mother. To read more, refer to the article on congenital heart disease. How does diabetes in the mother affect the development of the heart of the fetus? Maternal diabetes is a complex disease that has diverse effects on the metabolism as well as the whole body of the mother and fetus. Hyperglycemia, or increased blood sugar, is one of the factors that affect the fetus. But the reason why high blood sugar causes fetal defects is still unknown. Many studies have shown a strong association between maternal diabetes and an increased risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in infants. Both type 1 diabetes (childhood onset) and type 2 diabetes (adult onset) are associated with congenital heart disease (CHD). But a study shows that the effect of this disease may not always be the same. For example, babies born to mothers with type 2 diabetes. Compared to babies born to mothers with type 1 diabetes. They are more exposed to body system disorders, congenital defects and congenital heart diseases (CHD). Most subgroups were associated with type 1 and 2 diabetes. Babies of mothers with both types of diabetes. They are more at risk of cardiac outflow tract abnormalities and heart failure. Maternal diseases and their effect on the heart of the fetus To read more, refer to the film Diabetes in pregnancy and its effect, Borjanin. https://www.aparat.com/v/G5uns Why is the time of onset of diabetes in the mother important? Diabetes in the mother, if it starts in the first month of pregnancy, can expose the child to the risk of various types of congenital heart diseases (CHD). Maternal diabetes before pregnancy or in the first trimester of pregnancy causes abnormalities in different parts of the fetus. If the mother develops diabetes in the second trimester of pregnancy. The fetus is at risk of gaining more than the average birth weight. Dysfunction of the baby's heart muscle affects how it pumps blood to the rest of the body, causing birth defects and, in rare cases, death. Maternal diabetes is thought to have a profound effect on genes when the fetus is developing. Using new technologies, doctors can investigate the effects of increased maternal blood sugar on the molecular cell growth of the fetal heart. Doctors hope to reduce the risk of congenital heart disease (CHD) in fetuses by exploring new cellular pathways. The researchers hope to interpret these findings by conducting different tests on mothers with risk factors and their children. Related article types of congenital heart disease in babies The effect of insulin therapy on the fetus and pregnant mother ### Changes in insulin in the mother's body during pregnancy How exactly is diabetes caused in the mother? It is one of the questions that has not been clearly defined yet, but we have some hypotheses and justifying mechanisms. The placenta supports the child during development. In other words, the hormones in the placenta help the child grow. But these hormones also prevent the mother's insulin from working in her body. This problem is called insulin resistance. This problem makes it difficult for the mother's body to use insulin, meaning she may need three times as much insulin. Gestational diabetes begins when your body is unable to make and use the insulin needed during pregnancy. Without enough insulin, glucose cannot leave the blood and be converted into energy. Glucose accumulates in the blood and reaches a high level, which is called blood sugar. ### The effect of insulin therapy on the growth of growth. The onset of gestational diabetes for a mother who spends the last months of her pregnancy, that is, after the baby's body has formed, and is now growing. It mostly affects the mother. For this reason, babies whose mothers did not have diabetes before pregnancy do not suffer from birth defects. However, untreated or uncontrolled gestational diabetes can harm your baby. When you have gestational diabetes, your pancreas produces extra insulin, but this insulin does not lower your blood glucose levels. However, insulin does not cross the placenta. But glucose and other nutrients can pass through. Therefore, excess blood glucose passes through the placenta and causes the blood glucose level of the fetus to increase. As a result, the child's pancreas produces extra insulin to reduce blood sugar. Since the child receives more calories than needed for growth and formation, the extra calories are stored as fat. This can lead to macrosomia or a "fat" baby. Babies with macrosomia can face problems such as shoulder injuries at birth. Because of the extra insulin made by the baby's pancreas, babies may have very low blood glucose levels at birth and may also have breathing problems. Babies born with extra insulin may in the future become children who are at risk of obesity and adults who are at risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Use the following articles to read more.

https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2015/10/elevated-blood-sugar-levels-in-pregnancy-tied-to-babys-heart-defect-risk.html https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=infant-of-diabetic-mother-90-P02354