کندروما به تومورهای خوش‌خیم مغزی گفته می‌شود که از غضروف ساخته شده‌اند و در زمره تومورهای نادر قرار دارند. این تومورها معمولاً به آرامی و در سینوس یا استخوان جمجمه رشد می‌‌کنند. احتمال رشد آنها در استخوان‌های کوچک دست، پا، بازو، دنده‌ها، و استخوان ران وجود دارد. اگر این تومورها در مغز و استخوان تشکیل شوند به آنها انکندروما گفته می‌‌شود در صورتی که این تومورها در سطح استخوان تشکیل شوند به آن‌ها کندرومای پیرا استخوانی گفته می‌‌شود.

کندروما دومین نوع از تومورهای خوش خیم و شایع است که به طور برابر زنان و مردان را تحت تاثیر قرار می‌دهد. معمولاً این تومور به صورت انکندروما بروز می‌‌کند. در این حالت تومور درون استخوان یا غضروف قرار می‌گیرد. تومور انکندروما روی سطح استخوان یا غضروف رشد می‌کند و شیوع کمتری دارد.

علت ایجاد

علت دقیق بروز این تومورها مشخص نیست. کندروما ۲۵ درصد انواع تومورهای خوش‌خیم استخوان را به خود اختصاص داده است. انکندروما شایع‌ترین نوع از تومورهای استخوانی است که در دست به وجود می‌آید و مردان و زنان را به طور برابر درگیر می‌‌کند. احتمال بروز این تومورها در هر سنی وجود دارد اما معمولاً در سن ۳۰ تا ۴۰ سالگی به وجود می‌آید. کندروسیتومای پروسیتوسیل بسیار نادر است و معمولاً رشد سریع است و منجر به بروز علائم متعددی می‌شود این امر باعث شده است امکان شناسایی زود هنگام آن وجود داشته باشد.

علائم

کنوروما به آهستگی رشد می‌‌کند و می‌‌تواند مدت بسیار طولانی بدون هیچ‌گونه علائمی به رشد خود ادامه دهد. معمولاً این تومورها در حین معاینه و بررسی سایر اختلالات شناسایی می‌‌شوند. برخی از علائم این تومورها عبارتند از:

• ایجاد توده یا برآمدگی
• سردرد
• تورم
• اختلالات بینایی

در برخی موارد ممکن است کندروما به یک تومور سرطانی بدخیم تبدیل شود که در این شرایط کندروسارکوما گفته می‌شود. The symptoms of chondrosarcoma at the base of the skull are:

• Headache
• Hearing disorders
• Swelling
• Visual disorders

Diagnosis

In addition to a detailed medical history and physical examination, the doctor will use the following diagnostic methods to confirm the presence of chondroma:

• X-ray photography: a method It is a diagnosis that uses invisible electromagnetic energy to produce images of the internal tissues of bones and other body organs.
• MRI scan: This type of scan can help detect tumors that cannot be seen on plain imaging.
• CT scan: It can produce detailed images of different parts of the brain such as bones, muscles, fat, and other parts of the brain.
• Bone scan: It is a nuclear imaging method that It can show the presence of disorders such as degenerative changes and arthritis of the joints, bone diseases, tumors, and the causes of bone pain and inflammation.
• Full blood cell count In this method, the size, number, and evolution of different blood cells are fully examined.

Treatment

To treat this type of skull base and sinus tract tumors, the following methods may be proposed by the doctor:

endoscopic surgery

Minimally invasive endoscopic tumor surgery is the latest advancement in endoscopic technology. In this method, three-dimensional images of the tumor are prepared with the help of a CT scan before the operation. Then the surgeon can determine the desired tissue that needs to be removed and preserve other healthy brain tissues. In this method, like other endoscopic methods, there is no need to make an incision or remove part of the brain tissue to reach the desired point.

Open surgery

In addition to minimally invasive surgical methods, open skull base surgery is another old method of brain surgery, which the doctor uses old methods to perform and creates a small incision in the skull, sometimes the doctor uses this method along with other methods. It uses modern surgical methods that are less invasive. If possible, the doctor makes a smaller incision in the head and inserts the endoscope, a narrow tube to which a flashlight and camera are attached, into the patient's head with the help of surgical tools that enter the head through the endoscope. A neurologist can determine the best treatment plan for each patient based on his expertise in the field of old minimally invasive methods.

Radiotherapy

In radiation therapy, high energy particles or radiation waves are used to target cancer cells. Radiation therapy is used because of its ability to destroy all types of cancer cells. This treatment method has made a lot of progress in recent years. Nowadays, doctors can use 3D images obtained from MRI, ultrasound, and CT scans to precisely target cancer cells and use a strong and effective dose while preserving healthy adjacent tissues. Fatigue and skin problems are side effects of radiation therapy and occur when healthy tissue is destroyed along with cancerous tissue. The side effects of radiation therapy vary based on the location of the tumor. In cases where it is difficult to access the cancerous tumor and the doctor cannot remove it through surgery, he will order radiation therapy. Chemotherapy can enhance the positive effects of radiation therapy.

Many patients can return home after brain surgery, which surprises them. In gamma knife radiosurgery, hundreds of gamma rays are used to target and treat cancer cells. In this method, the risk of damage to the adjacent healthy tissue is reduced, and as a result, the patient feels less pain, the recovery period is shorter, and scar tissue does not form on his skin. In this method, contrary to the title used for it, no knife or cutter is used. The patient can start his daily activities within 24 to 48 hours. You can get more information about this from your doctor.

Chemotherapy

In chemotherapy, strong drugs are used to stop or slow down the growth of cancer cells. The doctor uses one or more drugs in combination based on the type of cancer and its progress. Usually, this treatment method is administered intravenously, but it is also available to patients in the form of tablets and solutions. Chemotherapy drugs target cells that are rapidly producing similar cells and causing the cancer to spread. In this method, the difference between healthy and cancerous cells cannot be recognized by the drug, so healthy cells are also destroyed, which causes the symptoms of the treatment such as fatigue, pain, nausea, vomiting, constipation, and blood disorders. The type and severity of side effects depends on the location of the tumor.

Patients' outlook

The future of patients with chondroma or enchondroma is different for different people based on the following:

• Severity of the disease
• Size and location of the tumor
• Malignancy of the tumor and tissue degeneration
• Age and general health of the patient
• Tolerance of drugs and treatment methods By the patient

In general, these types of tumors do not cause any symptoms and usually disappear by themselves when the growth and development of the skull is completed. Since there is a possibility of these tumors becoming cancerous, it will be necessary to perform routine examinations after the tumor is diagnosed. class="so-widget-orion_dividers_w so-widget-orion_dividers_w-base">