What is vulvar cancer?

Vulvar cancer is a rare form of malignancy in women that affects the female external genitalia, especially the vulva. The vulva includes the outer and inner labia (labia majora and labia minora), clitoris and vaginal opening. This type of cancer usually originates from the skin cells covering the vulva.

Vulvar cancer occurs in different forms, the most common of which is squamous cell carcinoma, which accounts for approximately 90% of cases. Other less common types include melanoma, adenocarcinoma, and basal cell carcinoma.

It is important to understand that vulvar cancer is a distinct disease from cervical, ovarian, or other female cancers. Although it is relatively uncommon, knowing the symptoms and risk factors associated with vulvar cancer is very important to facilitate early detection and prompt treatment.

Types and stages of vulvar cancer

Vulvar cancer is classified into different types based on the specific cells from which it originates. The main types are:

Squamous cell carcinoma:

This type is the most common form of vulvar cancer, which is caused by smooth squamous cells covering the surface of the vulva.

Adenocarcinoma:

This type of cancer is from glandular cells found in the vulvar sweat glands or skin appendages.

Melanoma:

This form originates from pigment-producing melanocytes in the skin of the vulva.

Basal cell carcinoma:

Although it is rare in the vulva, this type of basal cells is formed in the outermost layer of the skin.

Vulvar cancer is also based on The spread of the disease is staged. Stages range from 0 to IV, with higher stages indicating more advanced cancer. The staging process involves evaluating factors such as tumor size, lymph node involvement, and metastasis (spread to other parts of the body). Awareness of potential signs and symptoms helps in quick diagnosis and intervention.

Common symptoms of vulvar cancer may include:

• persistent itching, burning, or burning in the vulva area
• thick, raised, or discolored patches of skin in the vulva
• persistent pain or tenderness in the vulva
• bleeding or discharge unrelated to menstruation
• an open sore or lump on the vulva that does not heal

It is important to note that these symptoms may be associated with other, less severe conditions. also accompany However, if these symptoms persist or worsen, it is very important to seek medical attention quickly.

Vulvar Cancer Risk Factors

Several factors can increase a person's risk of developing vulvar cancer. Understanding these risk factors can help in early detection and prevention of worsening conditions. Some of the key risk factors are:

Age:

The risk of developing vulvar cancer increases with age, and most cases occur in women over 60.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection:

Certain types of HPV, mainly types 16 and 18, increase with age. The risk of vulvar cancer is related.

Smoking:

Women who smoke or have a history of smoking are more at risk of developing vulvar cancer.

Immune suppression:

People who have a weak immune system, such as people with HIV/AIDS or people who undergo organ transplants, in are at high risk.

Precancerous conditions:

The presence of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), a precancerous condition that affects the skin of the vulvar, can increase the risk of developing vulvar cancer.

Genetic factors:

Some inherited genetic mutations, such as The BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes may increase the risk of developing vulvar cancer.

It is important to be aware of these risk factors and discuss them with a gynecological cancer specialist, especially if you have concerns or are experiencing symptoms.

Vulvar Cancer Diagnosis and Screening

If vulvar cancer is suspected, several diagnostic procedures may be performed to confirm the diagnosis and determine the extent of the disease. These may include the following:

Physical examination:

A thorough visual and manual examination of the vulva and surrounding areas is usually the first step in diagnosing vulvar cancer.

Biopsy:

A small sample of tissue from the affected area is removed and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of cancer cells.

Imaging tests:

Techniques such as a computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or positron emission tomography (PET) scan may be used to assess the extent of the cancer and detect any possible spread.

Colposcopy:

This procedure involves using a specialized microscope to examine the vulva, vagina, and cervix for abnormal areas.

Evaluation of lymph nodes:

Evaluation of nearby lymph nodes for the presence of cancer cells is very important in determining the stage of the disease.

While no test There is no routine screening for vulvar cancer, regular gynecological examinations and self-awareness of any changes or abnormalities in the vulvar area are necessary for early detection.

Treatment options for vulvar cancer

The treatment approach for vulvar cancer depends on various factors including the stage of the disease, the overall health of the patient and personal preferences. The main treatment options are:

Surgery:

The primary treatment for vulvar cancer is to remove the affected area with surgery which is known as velectomy. The extent of surgery varies from removing a small part of the valve (partial vulvectomy) to removing the entire vulva (radical vulvectomy). In some cases, nearby lymph nodes may also be removed.

Radiotherapy:

Radiotherapy may be used along with surgery or as initial treatment for advanced or recurrent vulvar cancer. This involves using high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells.

Chemotherapy:

Chemotherapy, which involves the use of anti-cancer drugs, may be recommended for advanced or recurrent vulvar cancer, or combined with radiation therapy.

Targeted therapy:

Targeted therapies, There are newer treatments that target specific molecules or pathways involved in the growth and survival of cancer cells.

Immunotherapy:

This approach inhibits the body's immune system to identify and attack cancer cells more effectively.

The treatment plan is tailored for each specific case and a multidisciplinary team of healthcare professionals, including gynecological oncologists, oncologists Radiation therapy and medical oncologists work together to provide comprehensive care.

Recovery and rehabilitation after vulvar cancer treatment

The recovery process after vulvar cancer treatment is physically and emotionally challenging. Patients may experience side effects depending on the type and amount of treatment received. Common side effects may include:

• pain or discomfort in the area under Treatment
• Fatigue and weakness
• Lymphedema (swelling in the legs or genital area due to removal of lymph nodes)
• Sexual dysfunction or change in intimacy
• Emotional disturbance, anxiety or depression

Supportive and rehabilitation services play an important role in managing these side effects and promoting overall well-being. These services may include:

• Pain management techniques
• Physiotherapy and lymphedema management
• Counseling and psychological support
• Sexual health counseling and treatment
• Diet and nutrition guidance

During the recovery process, maintaining open communication with the health care team and, if necessary, support from loved ones, support groups, or professional counselors.

Support and resources for vulvar cancer patients

Vulvar cancer can be challenging, but there are various support resources to help patients and their families cope with the physical, emotional and practical aspects of this disease. Some valuable resources include:

Patient Support Organizations:

Organizations such as the National Vulvar Cancer Society, the American Cancer Society, and the Women's Cancer Foundation offer educational materials, support groups, and resources for vulvar cancer patients and their caregivers.

Online Support Communities:

Support Groups Virtual and online forums provide a platform for patients to connect with others who have similar experiences, share information, and offer encouragement.

Mental health professionals:

Counselors, therapists, and psychologists can provide emotional support and coping strategies to help patients and their families deal with the challenges associated with vulvar cancer.

Financial Assistance Programs:

Organizations and various government agencies offer financial assistance programs to help with medical expenses, transportation costs, and other practical needs.

Using these resources helps vulvar cancer patients and their loved ones feel empowered, supported, and better equipped to face the challenges they may face during their treatment.

Real stories from vulvar cancer survivors

Hearing the stories of vulvar cancer survivors can be very inspiring and provide hope and valuable insights for those facing a similar journey. These personal accounts show the strength, resilience and determination of people who have battled this rare form of cancer:

Jane's story: Jane, a 55-year-old teacher, initially dismissed the constant itching and discomfort in her vulva as a minor irritation. However, after several months, she sought medical attention, which led to the diagnosis of early-stage vulvar cancer. Through a combination of surgery and radiation therapy, Jane successfully overcame the disease and now benefits from regular gynecological examinations.

Sarah's Journey : Sarah, a 62-year-old grandmother, was diagnosed with advanced vulvar cancer that had spread to nearby lymph nodes. His treatment included radical vulectomy, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Despite the challenging side effects, Sarah was able to regain her strength with the support of her family and the guidance of a counselor. Today, she is cancer-free and actively participates in a local support group, sharing her experiences and encouraging others.

Emily's Resilience : Emily, a 48-year-old artist, faced a recurrence of vulvar cancer just two years after initial treatment. This time, he opted for a more aggressive approach, including targeted therapy and immunotherapy. While the journey was physically and emotionally difficult, Emily found solace in her creative pursuits and the unwavering support of her partner. She is now recovering and continues to create beautiful artwork inspired by her journey.

These stories are a testament to the resilience of the human spirit and the importance of early detection, access to quality healthcare, and a strong support system in overcoming vulvar cancer.

If you or someone you know has symptoms or concerns about vulvar cancer, be sure to see your doctor for a full evaluation. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment can significantly improve outcomes.

Conclusion

Vulvar cancer, although rare, is a serious disease that requires awareness, early diagnosis, and comprehensive treatment. By understanding the symptoms and risk factors and available treatment options, people can take preventive measures to protect their health and increase the chances of successful outcomes.

It is very important to make regular gynecological examinations a priority, practice self-awareness, and see a doctor immediately if you develop any worrisome symptoms. Additionally, embracing a support system, whether through loved ones, support groups, or professional counseling, can provide invaluable emotional and practical help during your treatment.

While the road to recovery can be challenging, the stories of vulvar cancer survivors serve as powerful reminders of the resilience of the human spirit and the importance of hope, determination, and access to quality health care. Together we can raise awareness, promote early detection and support those affected by this rare but treatable form of cancer.

Source :

https://www.cancer.org.au/cancer-information/types-of-cancer/vulvar-cancer