See the best pediatrician ### Reflux in babies Food is transferred from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach... If the baby has reflux, the contents of the stomach return to the esophagus, which is called GER... Gastric reflux disease is a long-term and severe reflux... The stomach and esophagus are involved... #### Symptoms of reflux in babies The most important symptom of reflux in babies is raising and excreting saliva... Gastric reflux disease causes symptoms such as back pain during feeding or after, colic, difficulty in swallowing, restlessness often after drinking milk, improper feeding or refusal to eat, weight gain or low weight loss, wheezing or frequent breathing problems: ##.. **See the best pediatrician in Tehran** #### Diagnosing reflux in babies Usually, reflux disease in **infants** is diagnosed by a **pediatrician** who examines the symptoms and medical history of the infant. If the symptoms do not improve with changes in the infant's feeding and anti-reflux medications, reflux testing should be done in infants. Common tests include: 1... upper endoscopy and biopsy... the doctor advances the endoscope along the esophagus, stomach and the beginning of the small intestine and while viewing the obtained images, he prepares tissue samples from the upper part of the digestive tract... tract... the child drinks a contrast solution called barium... barium is mixed in a milk bottle or with other food... the pediatrician uses X-rays to take several pictures of the baby's digestive tract and its movement from It follows through the esophagus and stomach... 3... Measuring the impedance and acidity of the stomach... The amount of acid or liquid in the baby's esophagus is slowly measured... The other end is connected to a screen that records the measurements... This test continues 24 hours a day in the hospital... #### Reflux treatment in infants Making changes in the baby's nutrition will be very useful for the treatment of reflux in babies: 1... After feeding, keep the baby in a standing position for 30 minutes.... 2... Add rice grains to the formula or breast milk that the baby feeds on.... 3... Avoid giving the baby too much milk.... 4... The baby should burp after each feeding... If he is breastfed, he should burp after each feeding.. 6.. If the milk is dry. Gallbladder diseases Gastroparesis Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Esophageal disease Hirschsprung's disease (HIRSH-sproongz) Pseudo-intestinal obstruction Irritable bowel syndrome Pancreatic disease stomach ulcer #### Read more: **See the best pediatrician** #### Celiac disease Celiac disease is a chronic disease that affects the small intestine of children and babies... Children with celiac disease are allergic to gluten found in food such as bread, and their digestive system is unable to digest gluten... Gluten is... #### Common digestive diseases in children colitis Colitis is one of the common gastrointestinal diseases of the large intestine that can lead to bleeding and diarrhea in **children and infants**... This disease is chronic and has no treatment other than removing the large intestine.... Crohn's disease Crohn's disease is a common and chronic gastrointestinal disease that causes inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract... Clonus may involve the small intestine of a child or an infant or involve both intestines. Of course, the mouth, esophagus, stomach and other organs of the respiratory system can also be affected by this disease... #### Stomach flu in children Among other common diseases of children is stomach flu or gastroenteritis... Nausea and vomiting and smelly and watery stools are among the symptoms of stomach flu in **children**.... These symptoms may also be seen due to the presence of infection in the intestine.... muscle pain, stomach pain and mild fever **more ### Stomach flu may also be present.. Pediatrician in Tehran** #### Treatment of stomach flu Use water and non-dairy liquids to replace water and minerals lost in the child's body....Encourage the child to drink frequently and in small amounts each time....Stomach flu is contagious...Although constipation is not dangerous for children and infants, it can be a sign of one of the common diseases in children and infants or a warning sign of pain and discomfort in children..Urgent treatment.. **infants** are less constipated than children because the structure of breast milk or formula does not cause constipation in infants. #### Symptoms of constipation in children and infants Crying and straining during defecation Absence of stool for a week for breastfed babies Hard and dry or lumpy stools Anorexia Do not have stools for 2-3 days in formula-fed babies Bleeding from the anus #### The most important causes of constipation Hypothyroidism Eating slow-digesting or heavy foods diabetes Congenital defects in the intestine and anus Cystic fibrosis Drink fluids, especially water Metabolic disorders Eating low-fiber foods Taking medications such as ibuprofen, antibiotics, or acetaminophen Taking iron supplements #### Read more: **Appointment of the best pediatrician ** Rebranding infant formula food allergy Treatment of constipation in children and infants Consume fiber-rich sources (such as fruits and vegetables) Massage the baby's or baby's belly after eating Increase physical activity Drink plenty of fluids, especially water If the mentioned items are ineffective, use laxatives and glycerin suppositories under the supervision of a doctor.